The impact of aging on medicine
Definitions of aging
Aging and disease susceptibility
The longevity dividend
Evolutionary mechanisms for aging
Cellular processes that accompany aging
Oxidative stress and the “Free radical theory of aging”
Product of free radical injury and lipid peroxidation.
Commonly seen in the heart and liver of aging or cachectic, malnourished patients.
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Telomere shortening and replicative senescence
Altered gene expression, epigenetics, and microRNA
Impaired autophagy and proteostasis
Aging changes in specific tissues that predispose to disease
Inflamm-aging and immunosenescence
Detoxification and the liver
Endocrine system
Vascular changes
Genetic influences on aging
GEnetic progeroid syndromes
Gene studies in long-lived humans
Nutrient-sensing pathways
Mitochondrial genes
Nuclear DNA
Strategies that increase health span and delay aging
Caloric restriction
Pharmacological Interventions to Delay Aging and Increase Life Span
Exercise and Physical Activity
Hormesis
Conclusions
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