> Schwarts Chapter 42. Neurosurgery
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy – Medical Archive
Neurologic examination
Diagnostic Studies
Emergencies
Raised Intracranial Pressure (IICP)
Etiology
Growth hormone
Tetracyclines
Excess vitamin A (eg, isotretinoin)
Clinical features
- Throbbing headache
- Worse with lying flat, improves with standing
- May be accompanied by pulsatile tinnitus (ie, “whooshing” sound), N/V, and/or blurry vision.
- Vision changes, papilledema
- Cranial nerve palsy – abducens nerve (CN VI) palsy is m/c
Brain Stem Compression
Stroke
Siezure
Trauma
Head trauma
Spine trauma
The mechanics of spine trauma
Patterns of injury
Initial assessment and management
Neurologic syndromes
Studies
Definitive managment
- Spinal-dose IV steroids
- Anti-inflammatory and decrease the pressure on the spinal column.
- The beneficial effect has been shown to be most significant within the first 8 hours of injury.
- Orthotic devices
- Surgery
- Continued care.
Peripheral nerve trauma
Cerebrovascular Disease
Ischemic diseases
Thrombotic disease
Embolic disease
Hemorrhagic diseases
Tumors of the Central Nervous System
Intracranial tumors
Metastatic tumors
Glial tumors
Neural tumors and mixed tumors
Neural crest tumors
Miscellaneous tumors
Embryologic tumors
Spinal tumors
Intradural extramedullary tumors
Spine
Stability
Neural compression
Patterns of disease
Cervical radiculopathy
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Thoracic disc herniation
Lumbar radiculopathy
Neurogenic claudication
Conus medullaris syndrome & Cauda equina syndrome
Spine fusion surgery
Spine instrumentation
Arthrodesis
Peripheral Nerve
Peripheral nerve tumors
Entrapment neuropathies
Autoimmune and inflammatory disorders
Infection
Cranial
Spine
Functional Neurosurgery
Epilepsy surgery
Deep brain stimulation
Trigeminal neuralgia
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Arteriovenous malformations
Vestibular schwannomas
Intracranial metastases
Congenital and developmental anomalies
Dysraphism
Spinal bifida occulta
Spinal bifida with myelomeningocele
Encephalocele
Craniosynostosis
Hydrocephalus
Chiari I malformation